Thanks at least in part to a campaign by footballer Marcus Rashford, children in England whose families claim means-tested benefits will now receive supermarket vouchers worth \u00a315 per week during the school summer holidays. This should increase spending on food, and reduce hunger and use of food banks. It may also reduce obesity and improve performance in exams.<\/p>\n
So why isn\u2019t it done every year?<\/p>\n
Children living in families claiming means-tested benefits are eligible for free school lunches. Around 15% of children attending schools in England are registered for these free meals.<\/p>\n
For some children, school is the only place where they get a nutritious hot meal. This means that while schools are closed, in addition to the risk of missing out on learning, some children are also at risk of missing out on nutrition and perhaps even going hungry (also referred to as \u2018food insecurity\u2019).<\/p>\n
In normal circumstances, children not attending school during term-time \u2013 for example, because of illness \u2013 would not be provided with food at home. Nor would they be provided with food during school holidays.<\/p>\n
Covid-19 has changed this: schools in England have been asked to provide meals or vouchers, funded by the Department for Education, to all pupils eligible for free school meals at home during term-time.<\/p>\n
In addition, the COVID Summer Food Fund<\/a> will provide vouchers worth \u00a315 per pupil per week, redeemable at major supermarkets and select other food outlets, for these children throughout the school summer holidays.<\/p>\n Giving food vouchers to food-insecure households with children is likely to increase spending on food. Families are also likely to buy healthier foods.<\/p>\n Economists have not looked at the impact of such programmes on hunger or food bank usage, but the COVID Summer Food Fund may reduce hunger and use of food banks during the summer holidays for at least some families.<\/p>\n What about wider effects? Children who experience food insecurity tend to have lower cognitive test scores and learn at a slower rate than children who do not. There is less evidence that food insecurity leads to higher body mass index (BMI) outcomes or greater obesity rates. Economists have also not considered effects on other health outcomes, including mental health.<\/p>\n Many countries, including England, have recently adopted or improved the nutritional standards that apply to the provision of school meals. Evidence from the introduction or expansion of these nutritious meal programmes suggests that they can lower BMI and reduce childhood obesity rates. They are also associated with higher cognitive test scores.<\/p>\n But the extent to which this evidence can inform the likely impact of the COVID Summer Food Fund on children\u2019s education and health outcomes may be limited. This is for two reasons:<\/p>\n Evidence from non-economic sources suggests that children\u2019s cognitive test scores and BMI outcomes tend to worsen over school summer holidays, especially among poorer children (for example, Alexander et al<\/a>, 2016). So it is possible that the COVID Summer Food Fund will help to limit these setbacks, even if it doesn\u2019t have any longer-term benefits.<\/p>\n Related question: <\/strong>How might the crisis affect children from poorer backgrounds?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n What is the extent of food insecurity among families with children?<\/strong><\/p>\n UNICEF <\/a>finds that in the UK, approximately 19% of children under the age of 15 live with an adult who is moderately or severely food-insecure. A recent survey by the Food Foundation<\/a> suggests that this has got worse during the Covid-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n There is also evidence that problems of food insecurity are more severe during the school summer holidays: data from the Trussell Trust<\/a> show that food bank usage was around 7% higher among families with children in July\/August 2016 compared with May\/June 2016.<\/p>\n Will families spend more on food as a result of the COVID Summer Food Fund?<\/strong><\/p>\n It may seem obvious that providing families with vouchers redeemable at supermarkets will increase food purchases, but this need not be the case. The voucher could just replace existing spending on food, freeing households to spend more on non-food items.<\/p>\n Overall, however, there is strong and reliable evidence that food vouchers do increase spending on food. A study in New Zealand randomly provided some food-insecure households with children with food vouchers and compared the spending habits of these families with similar families who were not given vouchers. The authors find that providing food vouchers worth $NZ 17 increased food expenditure among food-insecure households with children by $NZ 15.20 (Smith et al<\/a>, 2012).<\/p>\n In the UK, analysis of the healthy start vouchers for low-income pregnant women and households with young children also shows that spending on targeted goods increases, but by a somewhat lower amount \u2013 a \u00a32.43 per month increase from around a \u00a317 voucher (Griffith et al<\/a>, 2018).<\/p>\n Will families buy more nutritious food?<\/strong><\/p>\n The evidence on this question comes from studies that have given families additional income rather than food vouchers, but the impact on food spending from the two is very similar, giving confidence that results on the quality of food purchased would also be applicable to the provision of food vouchers.<\/p>\n Evidence from the United States shows that households receiving Earned Income Tax Credits (which are targeted at low-income families with children) spend more on healthy foods and protein \u2013 including fruit and vegetables, meat and poultry, and dairy products \u2013 in the month following a lumpy benefit payment (McGranahan and Schanzenbach<\/a>, 2013).<\/p>\n Does eating more (nutritious) food lead to better education and health outcomes?<\/strong><\/p>\n The negative effects of food insecurity on children \u2013 including on health, growth and cognitive development \u2013 have mostly been studied in developing countries. But there is evidence for the United States that children experiencing even marginal food insecurity \u2013 at least one episode in the previous 12 months \u2013 have lower cognitive test scores and slower learning than children who do not have any experience of food insecurity (Winicki and Jemison<\/a>, 2003).<\/p>\n The bulk of economic evidence on whether the provision of more or more nutritious food can improve children\u2019s education or health outcomes is based on studies that look at the effect of providing free or reduced price meals in school, often to children from disadvantaged families. Several US studies show that providing a free breakfast or lunch for children from low-income families increases test scores (for example, Frisvold<\/a>, 2015).<\/p>\n There is also evidence that extending eligibility for free school meals to more or even all children in school confers additional benefits. Analysis of the effect of a two-year pilot in two local authorities in England finds that compared with offering free meals just to children whose families were eligible for means-tested benefits, offering meals to all children in infant schools leads pupils to make, on average, four to eight weeks more progress than those in comparable areas (Brown et al<\/a>, 2012).<\/p>\n Following this pilot, all infant school children in England (those aged 4-7) have been offered free school meals since 2014. Research is in progress on the effect of this programme on children\u2019s educational performance and absences from school, but it has already been shown to reduce BMI and obesity rates throughout the first year in school (Rabe and Holford<\/a>, 2020).<\/p>\n This contradicts earlier evidence on the effect of free school lunches on BMI outcomes, which finds either no effect or an increase in obesity rates. This is likely to be because nutritional standards were low or non-existent at the time that the earlier research was conducted (for example, von Hinke Kessler Scholder<\/a>, 2013; Schanzenbach<\/a>, 2009).<\/p>\n Studies focusing on the direct effect of raising school food standards highlight the importance of providing nutritious meals of appropriate portion size. Jamie Oliver\u2019s \u2018Feed Me Better\u2019 campaign of 2004 \u2013 which replaced low-budget processed meals taken by around 45% of children in Greenwich schools with healthier options \u2013 improved scores in English and science by 6-12% (Belot and James<\/a>, 2011).<\/p>\n Evidence from Sweden (where free nutritious food was introduced in the 1950s and 1960s) suggests that these benefits can be long-lasting, even affecting earnings in adulthood (Alex-Petersen et al<\/a>, 2017).<\/p>\n Related question:<\/strong> How will lockdown and recession affect the lives of the very young?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n There are a number of barriers and potential points of delay that may prevent the fund from reaching all eligible children. Families must apply to their children\u2019s schools to confirm their eligibility.<\/p>\n Not all families do this: research by the Department for Education<\/a> in 2012 suggests that 14% of children eligible for free school meals are not claiming them. Many parents may also become newly eligible as a result of a change in their circumstances due to Covid-19, and registrations are only being taken up to the end of the summer term, which means that anyone who becomes eligible during the holidays will miss out.<\/p>\n It is also likely that there are children not eligible for free meals who would benefit from the vouchers. Research has shown that eligibility for free school meals is not a precise proxy for family income (Hobbs and Vignoles<\/a>, 2010). Figures from a recent Food Foundation<\/a> survey suggest that around 30% of families with children eligible for free school meals \u2013 and nearly 10% of families with children who are not eligible for free school meals \u2013 are food-insecure.<\/p>\n In terms of potential benefits, evidence from the universal free school meal pilots suggests that gains in attainment were strongest among pupils from less affluent families (Brown et al<\/a>, 2012). Similarly, analysis of a free breakfast programme in England suggests that benefits were largest for pupils not eligible for free school meals living in disadvantaged areas.<\/p>\n Related question:<\/strong> What will be the impact of lockdown on children's development?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Answers to these questions will provide insight into whether this policy should be continued after the Covid-19 pandemic has subsided.<\/p>\n Related question: <\/strong>How can we make up the learning losses from lockdown?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Photo by Joel Muniz on Unsplash<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":13285,"template":"","categories":[223,226,237],"tags":[754,753,514,752,751,749,748,747,526,750],"yoast_head":"\nWhat does evidence from economic research tell us?<\/h3>\n
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How reliable is the evidence?<\/h3>\n
Will this policy reach everyone it needs to?<\/h3>\n
What else do we need to know?<\/h3>\n
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Who are economic experts on this question?<\/h3>\n
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Authors:\u00a0Claire Crawford,<\/a>\u00a0Ellen Greaves<\/a>,\u00a0Birgitta Rabe<\/a><\/h5>\n